BP202T-Organic Chemistry theory Study Material – Unit-01
BP202T - Organic Chemistry-I
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Table of Contents
Syllabus as per - "PC and Autonomous"
General methods of preparation and reactions of compounds superscripted with asterisk (*) to be explained. To emphasize on definition, types, classification, principles/mechanisms, applications, examples and differences
Classification, Nomenclature and isomerism
Classification of organic compounds, common and IUPAC systems of nomenclature of organic compounds (up to 10 carbon open chain and carboxylic compounds). Structural isomerism in organic compounds.
Elementary stereoisomerism: Optical and geometrical isomerism, optical activity, enantiomerism, diastereoisomerism, meso compounds and cis-trans isomerism
Introduction
Organic chemistry is the scientific study of organic molecules (those with covalently bound carbon atoms). The branch of chemistry is largely concerned with the structure and chemical composition of organic molecules, their physical and chemical characteristics, and the chemical processes that these compounds experience. Advances in organic chemistry have provided countless contributions to human society, including the creation of multiple medicines, polymers, and other natural products. Synthetic organic chemistry is a significant branch of organic chemistry that deals with the design and manufacture of organic molecules for practical use.
The name ‘organic’ was coined since the study of organic chemistry was originally limited to substances generated by living organisms. This was attributed to living things possessing a ‘vital power’ that inanimate substances lacked. The previously mentioned idea was disproven when Urey Miller synthesized urea from inorganic ingredients, although the categorization remains in use.
Carbon catenation, a crucial characteristic of the atom carbon, is what makes organic chemistry such a broad field. Carbon has the unique capacity to make extremely stable bonds with other carbon atoms, allowing it to construct stable molecules with highly complicated structures. Catenation is an element’s capacity to create bonds with atoms of the same sort. As a result, the breadth of organic chemistry may be linked to this feature of carbon.
Difference Between Organic and Inorganic Compounds
Feature | Organic Compounds | Inorganic Compounds |
Main Element | Always contain carbon (usually C-H bonds) | May or may not contain carbon (often no C-H bonds) |
Origin | Found in living organisms or synthetically prepared | Found in minerals, earth crust, and non-living things |
Examples | Glucose, Methane, Ethanol, Paracetamol | NaCl, H₂SO₄, CaCO₃, NH₃ |
Types of Bonds | Mostly covalent bonds | Ionic or covalent bonds |
Melting/Boiling Points | Usually low (except for polymers) | Usually high |
Solubility in Water | Mostly insoluble in water, soluble in organic solvents | Mostly soluble in water |
Flammability | Generally flammable (contain carbon) | Mostly non-flammable |
Thermal Stability | Less thermally stable | More thermally stable |
Rate of Reaction | Generally slower, may require catalysts | Generally faster reactions |
Complexity | Often complex with long chains or rings | Usually simple structures |
Isomerism | Shows structural and stereoisomerism | Rarely shows isomerism |
Examples of Compounds | Urea (CH₄N₂O), Acetic acid (CH₃COOH), Caffeine | NaCl, Fe₂O₃, HCl, KNO₃ |
History of organic chemistry
The history of organic chemistry dates back several centuries and has been shaped by the curiosity and contributions of numerous scientists. Here is an overview of key developments and milestones in the history of organic chemistry.
Vitalism and Early Concepts (17th-18th Century)
Before the modern understanding of organic chemistry, it was believed that organic compounds could only be produced by living organisms and possessed a “vital force.” This theory, known as vitalism, was prevalent until the late 18th century when chemists began to challenge it through experiments with organic substances.
Friedrich Wöhler's Synthesis of Urea (1828)
A pivotal moment in the history of organic chemistry came in 1828 when German chemist Friedrich Wöhler successfully synthesized urea, an organic compound, from inorganic substances (ammonium cyanate). This work revealed that organic chemicals could be synthesized artificially, disproving vitalism and beginning in the era of modern organic chemistry.
Structural Theory and Isomerism (19th Century)
In the 19th century, chemists began elucidating the molecular structures of organic compounds. August Kekulé proposed the concept of tetravalent carbon, forming the basis for understanding how carbon atoms can form long chains and different structures. The discovery of isomerism, where compounds with the same molecular formula have different structures and properties, further enriched the understanding of organic compounds’ complexity.
Development of Nomenclature (19th Century)
As the number of known organic compounds grew, there was a need for a systematic naming system. In the mid-19th century, the concept of chemical nomenclature was introduced, leading to the establishment of IUPAC (International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry) nomenclature, which is still used today. There are two books that has been published for this. Blue book for organic compounds and red book for inorganic compounds.
Stereochemistry (Late 19th-20th Century)
Stereochemistry, the study of the three-dimensional arrangement of atoms within molecules, emerged in the late 19th century. Johannes Wislicenus and Emil Fischer made significant contributions to understanding stereoisomerism and the importance of asymmetric carbon centres (chirality) in organic molecules.
Organic Reactions and Functional Groups (20th Century)
Organic chemistry made tremendous progress in the knowledge of organic processes and the discovery of numerous functional groups over the twentieth century. Chemists invented numerous types of chemical reactions, enabling the synthesis of complex organic compounds and propelling organic chemistry to new heights.
Spectroscopy and Modern Analytical Techniques (20th Century)
The emergence of spectroscopic techniques such as infrared (IR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and mass spectrometry transformed organic chemical analysis. These techniques aided in the understanding of molecular structures and set the way for modern organic chemistry study.
Modern Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry (20th Century-Present)
Organic chemistry is a dynamic and expanding field that influences many scientific fields and industries. It is essential in pharmacology, materials science, biochemistry, and other domains. Understanding organic molecules is essential for studying life sciences such as genetics, molecular biology, and drug design.